Conversely, N95, carbon, and the surgical mask was effective. Based on Table 3 and Figure 1, the fabric mask was not effective in reducing the carbon-monoxide level. The analyzed through Post Hoc Analysis, the significant difference was seen in the comparison between N95 mask vs Fabric Mask and Carbon Mask vs Fabric Mask (p-value: 0.002 0.021). After analyzed using Kruskal Wallis Test, there was a significant difference in the change of mean of pre and post wearing mask (ΔCO) among four-type of masks with p-value < 0.001. More general characteristics of subjects can be seen in Table 1.īased on Table 2, there was a significant change of carbon-monoxide mean level after using the mask for eight hours in a surgical mask, N95 mask, and carbon mask (p-value: 0.002 0.000 0.000) (Table 2). The mean carbon monoxide level was 10.42 ppm. The majority of subjects were male in the productive age group (21-40 years old) and exposed to carbon-monoxide from traffic and transportation more than eight hours each day intermittently. Post-Hoc Analysis revealed the superiority of masks among groups. Multivariate analysis (Kruskal Wallis test) was applied to assess the CO levels among the group. Therefore, the Wilcoxon test was finally used to determine the difference of CO levels between pre and post the application mask. Preliminary analysis to assess whether data were normally distributed was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (p-value<0.05). Statistical Product and Service Solution version 20.0 were used in this study. Before and after wearing a mask for eight hours, the CO level in expiration was measured using smokerlyzer with BX615 specification for gas detector.Įvaluation of the CO levels in expiration using smokerlyzer with BX615 specification for gas detector was conducted between 8 hours pre and post mask application in this study. The type of mask used in this study including N95 masks was 3M 810 Particulate Respirator N95 made in Korea, carbon mask was Nice purchase disposable charcoal activated carbon mask made in the United States, a surgical mask was Arista surgical mask made in Indonesia, fabric mask was from commercial local brand in Indonesia. All the subjects were divided into four groups based on the type of mask used in this study, consisting of N95 mask groups, carbon, surgical, and fabric masks. All these subjects were exposed to carbon-monoxide from traffic and transportation around the environment of the Faculty of Medicine of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The exclusion criteria were participants that had respiratory problems such as asthma, COPD, tuberculosis, etc. The inclusion criteria were non-smoker and age 17-60 years old. A total of 100 subjects that had the inclusion criteria and did not have the exclusion criteria participated in this study. This is a quasi-experimental study that held from August until October 2018 with a consecutive sampling method. Unfortunately, almost the majority of recent studies about air pollution discussed the solution to control microparticle of air pollution ( 12– 17), even though the toxic gases also have bad impacts on health directly and indirectly ( 7). Recently, many studies have reviewed the effectiveness of mask for reducing the impact of air pollution. The most common symptoms are dizziness, dyspnea, confusion, headache, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, chest pain, and loss of consciousness ( 11). It affects metabolic reaction and after the concentration is greater than 10%, the symptoms will appear. The result is impaired tissue oxygen delivery in all over the body ( 7). This carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) complex has a greater affinity than oxygen. After inhaled, CO diffuses through the alveolar-capillary membrane then binds to hemoglobin. It is an odorless and colorless gas that sourced from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel indoor or outdoor ( 10). In the US, motor-vehicles contributes to 75% CO emissions ( 9). Carbon monoxide is a major component of motor-vehicles related air pollution ( 7, 8). Motor-vehicles emissions are a major source of air pollution in urban areas and give significant adverse effects ( 5, 6). Air pollution is responsible for about seven million premature deaths every year, caused by respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disease ( 2, 4). The most common outdoor pollutants that harmed to human and environmental were sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon-monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon dioxide (CO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and various kind of particulate matter (PM) ( 2, 3).Īir pollution responsible for many serious impacts on human life. Air pollution was the contamination of modification of gases and solids from indoor or outdoor and harm humans, animals, and plants ( 1).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |